诺曼底登陆

档案

隶属：第二次世界大战

战斗序列

• 布雷库尔庄园突袭
• 美军第 1 步兵师
• 德军第 352 步兵师
• 德军第 2「帝国」装甲师
• 美军第 4 步兵师
• 美军第 29 步兵师
• 美军第 82 空降师
• 美军第 101 空降师
• 英军第 6 空降师
• 英军第 50（诺森伯兰）步兵师
• 英军第 3 步兵师
• 加拿大第 3 步兵师
• 美军第 5 军
• 美军第 7 军
• 英国第 2 集团军
• 加拿大第 1 集团军
• 美军第 2 装甲师
• 德军第 709 步兵师
• 德军第 716 步兵师
• 德军第 91 空降师
• 德军第 243 步兵师
• 德军第 21 装甲师
• 装甲教导师
• 党卫军第 12 装甲师「希特勒青年团」
• 西线装甲集群
• 德军第 15 集团军
• 埃普索姆行动
• 查恩伍德行动
• 古德伍德行动
• 眼镜蛇行动
• 蓝衣行动
• 牵引行动

战役阶段

1. 霸王行动的决策 1944-06-05 → 1944-06-06
   一九四三年末，盟军决定在西线开辟第二战场：英方主张加来海峡，美方看重诺曼底的开阔滩涂——而德军被引向错误的登陆点。
2. D 日：史上最大登陆 1944-06-06 → 1944-06-07
   五个师在空降突击配合下于诺曼底海岸抢滩；只有犹他滩头达成计划纵深，第一日目标无一达成。
3. 守住滩头 1944-06-07 → 1944-06-26
   五处滩头直到 6 月 12 日才连成一线；6 月 26 日攻占瑟堡，6 月 19 日的大风暴摧毁了美军的桑树人工港。
4. 树篱、卡昂与圣洛 1944-06-26 → 1944-07-25
   在诺曼底树篱地带进展近乎爬行；112 高地反复易手，圣洛于 7 月 18 日陷落，卡昂废墟于 7 月 21 日被肃清。
5. 眼镜蛇：突破 1944-07-25 → 1944-08-08
   「眼镜蛇行动」7 月 25 日发起，8 月 1 日进抵阿夫朗什，打开通往布列塔尼的道路；8 月 7 日德军在莫尔坦的反击失败。
6. 法莱斯口袋 1944-08-08 → 1944-08-21
   8 月 19—21 日，两把钳子在尚布瓦与奥尔梅尔山合拢；约 5 万德军被围，其中 1 万阵亡、4 万被俘。
7. 巴黎与结局 1944-08-21 → 1944-08-25
   巴黎起义并于 8 月 25 日解放；8 月 30 日德军渡过塞纳河东撤，「霸王行动」在八十天后结束。

双方兵力

常用区间值，各史料口径不一。海战另列航母 / 舰艇。来源见卡片来源列表。

伤亡

盟军

约22.56万（美军 12.44 万；英加军队 8.30 万） · 约4000辆坦克损失，美军与英加军队各半（数字有争议）

德军

诺曼底地区约21万（Zetterling 估计）；另有 40万—53万之说 · 约1050辆被击毁（6—7 月约550辆、8 月约500辆）（数字有争议）

数据来源与口径

Dates and figures follow Wikipedia 'Operation Overlord' (CC BY-SA 4.0); casualty totals differ markedly between sources and are flagged disputed. Attack arrows are schematic: they show direction and approximate axis between landing beaches, towns and the closing pincers, not surveyed front lines. Front lines for 16 and 18 July 1944 are digitised from the Commons map 'Operations Greenwood and Pomegranate, Normandy, July 1944' (CC BY 4.0): the map carries its own latitude/longitude graticule (1 px ~ 75 m), the polylines were taken from the SVG paths and georeferenced against that graticule (fit residual <= 0.5 km); coverage outside mid-July is still carried by city control points, annotations and the schematic arrows. Front lines for 8 and 17 August 1944 are digitised from the Commons map 'Operation Tractable' (CC BY-SA 4.0, by EyeSerene), which shows Allied and German positions around Falaise from 8-17 August 1944: the dated dotted lines were recovered from the SVG sub-paths (152 and 122 dash dots), traced by minimum-spanning-tree diameter and georeferenced against the map's 16 labelled town markers (Le Havre, Carentan, Bayeux, Caen, Saint-Lo, Falaise, Vire, Trun, Chambois, Flers, Argentan, Avranches, Mortain, Alencon, Fougeres, Mayenne) matched to Wikidata coordinates; the fit is north-up with aspect 0.658 = cos(49 deg) and a residual of 1.2 km RMS (2.1 km worst, Fougeres), i.e. ~1 unit = 247 m. Le Havre was dropped from the fit (47.8 unit offset at the map edge). All frames are resampled to 80 vertices so consecutive frames interpolate. The map's 13 August line was NOT digitised: it is drawn with a 19.5 km gap near Mortain and joining it would have invented the front between two unrelated endpoints. Front lines for 7 and 9 July 1944 (Operation Charnwood) are digitised from the Commons map 'Charnwood' (CC BY-SA 3.0, by EyeSerene), which shows Anglo-Canadian and German positions before and after Charnwood on 7-9 July 1944: the dated dotted lines (66 and 36 dash dots) were traced by minimum-spanning-tree diameter and georeferenced north-up against the map's 11 town markers that carry Wikidata coordinates (Eterville, Bretteville-sur-Odon, Mathieu, Fontaine-Etoupefour, St-Andre-sur-Orne, Saint-Contest, Authie, Carpiquet, Verson, Ifs, Buron); the residual is 0.38 km RMS (0.76 km worst) and the fitted scale (34.5 units/km) agrees with the map's own 0-3 km scale bar (35.25 units/km) to 2.1%. Most other villages on this map are hameaux without Wikidata coordinates and were not used. Both lines were drawn without gaps. Front lines for 12, 19 and 30 June 1944 are schematic (no public-domain traced map covered the beachhead period): traced through the forward Allied unit positions of those dates and the dated city control points (Bayeux 7 June, Carentan 12 June, Cherbourg 26 June), resampled to 80 vertices like the traced frames; the 12 June line follows the documented linked beachhead (~97 km long, ~24 km deep). No frame is drawn for 6-7 June: the five beachheads were still isolated and a single line would have falsely shown a linked front. The 7 and 9 July frames form a separate `german-caen` group (Charnwood detail, visible 7-07 to 7-12 only) so the main line never tweens across scales; the 5 July frame is schematic like the June ones. Front lines for 31 July and 13 August 1944 close the breakout/falaise density gaps (war-scene audit): the 31 July hook (Caumont hinge south past Villedieu and Avranches to Pontaubault) is traced from the solid red line of USMA map No. 63 'St-Lo, the Breakthrough, 25-31 July 1944' (public domain; north section dated 25 July and static, south section labelled 31 July at Pontaubault), kept as a separate `german-cobra` group visible 7-31 to 8-04 only (retired once the main tween catches up, so the two lines never cross; the main chain keeps full-width tween domains); the 13 August N-S axis (Dives coast past Caen and Falaise, turning at Argentan down past Alencon to Le Mans) and the 13 August Mortain leg (Avranches past Mortain and Domfront to Argentan, separate `german-mortain` group visible 8-13 to 8-17 only) are traced from the solid red 13 August line of USMA map No. 64 'The Breakout, 1-13 August 1944' (public domain), which is drawn continuous through Mortain (unlike the unrelated Tractable-map 13 August line with its 19.5 km gap). Method for the three frames: waypoints anchored to Wikidata town coordinates (CC0) with map-read offsets (schematic, ~2-3 km; no false SVG/graticule precision claimed), Chaikin-smoothed and resampled to 80 vertices like the other frames. Rejected: the French scan 'Falaise 13 aout 44' (underlying map unidentified, 'own scan' cannot clear copyright) and the Brittany advance map (dated arrows only, no front line).

• 盟军 — 盟军：至 1944 年 8 月底在诺曼底累计投入约 205 万人；坦克约 4000 辆；飞机为 D 日盟军航空兵力（约 11,590 架）。全战区的火炮总数缺乏可靠统计，故从略。 来源
• 德军 — 德军：诺曼底战役投入约 64 万人；坦克与突击炮约 2200 辆；法国境内飞机约 1000 架（战役中大量被歼）。火炮缺乏可靠统计。 来源
• 盟军 — 各家史学的总数略有出入（22.56万—22.64万），此处为常用区间值。 来源
• 德军 — 德方各方口径互不可比：法军报告 15.89 万（6 月 6 日—8 月 14 日）、西线总司令部夏季 28.9 万（含南法登陆）、仅诺曼底地区 21 万，另有 40万—53 万的高值估计。 来源