Principality of Thuận Thành

The Principality of Thuận Thành, called Pänduranga or Panduranga by the Cham, was the last surviving Cham state, centred on the area of modern Phan Rang in south-central Vietnam. After a Cham revolt in 1692-1694 and pressure from the Cham king Po Saktiraydapatih, the Nguyễn lord Nguyễn Phúc Chu reversed his annexation of Panduranga and revived the kingdom as Trấn Thuận Thành, a client state of the Nguyễn domain. A treaty of 1712 defined the relationship and limited Cham autonomy. Its rulers combined Cham royal titles with Vietnamese administrative forms, and the state was also known as Panduranga Champa. The principality survived the upheavals of the eighteenth century, including the Tây Sơn rebellion and the wars between the Nguyễn and Trịnh lords, and retained a fragile independence into the nineteenth century. In 1832 the Nguyễn emperor Minh Mạng annexed Thuận Thành and incorporated its territory into his administration, ending the long history of the Champa kingdoms.