Ottoman Tripolitania

Ottoman Tripolitania, the Regency of Tripoli, was the empire's Libyan province from 1551 to 1912, won when Sinan Pasha and the corsair Turgut Reis tore Tripoli from the Knights of St John, to whom Charles V had given the port Spain seized in 1510, and took the submission of Misrata, Zuwara and the interior tribes. Constantinople sent pashas, but Janissary divans and corsair captains really ruled, salting the treasury with privateering while the pasha turned ceremonial. From 1711 the Karamanli deys made the regency a hereditary monarchy in all but name, fought America in the Barbary Wars of 1801 to 1805, and massacred the Jawazi in 1817. Mahmud II restored direct rule in 1835, the Tanzimat made it a model vilayet in 1865 with five sanjaks, and the Senussi lodges spread quiet order in the desert. Italy's invasion of 1911 ended four Ottoman centuries, and Tripolitania, Fezzan and Cyrenaica became Libya.