Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was a condominium of Britain and Egypt that existed from 1899 to 1956. Its territory corresponded to modern Sudan and South Sudan, with parts of southeastern Libya. After Muhammad Ali's conquest of Sudan in the early nineteenth century, Egypt ruled the region as an integral part of its state. The Mahdist revolt overthrew Egyptian rule in 1885, and Britain and Egypt reconquered the country in 1898. The resulting condominium gave both powers formal sovereignty, but real authority lay with a British governor-general in Khartoum. Egyptian influence revived after the 1922 independence of Egypt and the 1936 treaty, and the 1952 revolution in Egypt accelerated demands for Sudanese self-rule. Elections in 1953 produced a parliament that declared independence, and the Republic of Sudan came into being on 1 January 1956. The colonial period left a centralized administration, a cotton-based export economy and a north-south divide that outlasted independence. Its borders with Egypt and Ethiopia were settled by agreements in the early twentieth century.