Northern Yuan dynasty

The Northern Yuan was the Mongol rump state that carried the Yuan inheritance on the steppe from 1368 to 1691, Borjigin khans without China. When Toghon Temur, Huizong on the throne 1333 to 1370, fled the Ming to the steppe, retreating to Shangdu and dying at Yingchang in 1370 as the court fell back to Karakorum, the empire shrank to quarreling tumens under nominal Great Khans, and the name Northern Yuan is the historians' label for the long aftermath. Dayan Khan with Mandukhai reunited most Mongols late in the fifteenth century, then split the realm into fiefs for sons and kin, and though no Chinggisid drew sword on Chinggisid till Ligdan's quarrels of the 1600s, Taisun, Esen, Manduul and Ligdan all styling themselves Great Yuan of Han imperial title, the center never held. Tibetan Buddhism sank deep roots in the last sixty years, Ming sacking Karakorum in 1380 with seventy thousand taken. In 1635 Ejei Khan broke to the Later Jin, and the Khalkha went to the Qing in 1691, closing three centuries of post-imperial Mongolia.