Kingdom of Hejaz

The Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz was the Arab state of the Red Sea coast, proclaimed in June 1916 when Hussein bin Ali rose with Britain against the Ottomans in the Arab Revolt. London had promised him one independent Arab kingdom from Aleppo to Aden, but Versailles carved the Fertile Crescent into French and British mandates instead, consoling his sons Faisal and Abdullah with the thrones of Iraq and Transjordan in the Sharifian solution, while Palestine's fate stayed ambiguous. Hussein, Sharif of Mecca since 1908 and ruler of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, quarreled with Britain over Jewish immigration to Palestine, refused Versailles in protest at the Balfour Declaration, and refused the treaties offered him. In 1924 London withdrew its subsidy in favor of Ibn Saud of Nejd, whose Ikhwan overran the Hejaz; by late 1925 the Hashemite kingdom was gone, and in 1932 it reappeared inside the new Saudi Arabia.